Srabanti majumdar biography of christopher columbus

This trade between Europe and the Americas led to economic growth, the establishment of trade networks, and the rise of powerful trading companies, ultimately srabanti majumdar biography of christopher columbus the development of global trade in the centuries that followed. Upon arriving in the New World, Columbus encountered various indigenous societies with diverse languages, customs, and belief systems.

This encounter led to the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and technologies between the two cultures. Europeans introduced new crops, animals, and technologies to the Americas, while indigenous peoples shared their knowledge of local resources, navigation, and agricultural practices. However, this exchange was not without conflict and the detrimental effects of colonization, including the introduction of diseases and the displacement of indigenous populations.

Nonetheless, this cultural exchange has left a lasting impact on both sides and has influenced art, language, cuisine, and various aspects of contemporary American and European cultures. The wealth brought back from the New World, in the form of precious metals and goods, fueled the expansion of European economies and financed future explorations and wars.

The discovery of new trade routes also contributed to the rise of powerful nation-states, such as Spain and Portugal, and intensified competition among European powers for dominance in global trade and colonization. His voyages continue to be widely studied and debated, shaping our understanding of world history, exploration, and the interactions between different cultures.

Columbus is often celebrated as a pioneering explorer who expanded the boundaries of human knowledge and opened up new frontiers. After convincing King Ferdinand that one more voyage would bring the abundant riches promised, Columbus went on his fourth and final voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in This time he traveled along the eastern coast of Central America in an unsuccessful search for a route to the Indian Ocean.

A storm wrecked one of his ships, stranding the captain and his sailors on the island of Cuba. On February 29,a lunar eclipse alarmed the natives enough to re-establish trade with the Spaniards. A rescue party finally arrived, sent by the royal governor of Hispaniola in July, and Columbus and his men were taken back to Spain in November In the two remaining years of his life, Columbus struggled to recover his reputation.

Although he did regain some of his riches in Mayhis titles were never returned. Columbus probably died of severe arthritis following an infection on May 20,in Valladolid, Spain. At the time of his death, he still believed he had discovered a shorter route to Asia. There are questions about the location of his burial site. In MayColumbus made headlines as news broke that a team of archaeologists might have found the Santa Maria off the north coast of Haiti.

After a thorough investigation by the U. Columbus has been credited for opening up the Americas to European colonization—as well as blamed for the destruction of the native peoples of the islands he explored. Ultimately, he failed to find that what he set out for: a new route to Asia and the riches it promised. The horse from Europe allowed Native American tribes in the Great Plains of North America to shift from a nomadic to a hunting lifestyle.

Wheat from the Old World fast became a main food source for people in the Americas. Coffee from Africa and sugar cane from Asia became major cash crops for Latin American countries. And foods from the Americas, such as potatoes, tomatoes and corn, became staples for Europeans and helped increase their populations. The Columbian Exchange also brought new diseases to both hemispheres, though the effects were greatest in the Americas.

Smallpox from the Old World killed millions, decimating the Native American populations to mere fractions of their original numbers. This more than any other factor allowed for European domination of the Americas. The overwhelming benefits of the Columbian Exchange went to the Europeans initially and eventually to the rest of the world.

The Americas were forever altered, and the once vibrant cultures of the Indigenous civilizations were changed and lost, denying the world any complete understanding of their existence. In his early twenties, he relocated to Lisbon, Portugal, where he honed his navigational skills and learned about the latest advancements in cartography and navigation from other experienced sailors.

This period was crucial for Columbus, as he became acquainted with the different theories regarding the globe's dimensions and various routes to Asia. By immersing himself in this vibrant maritime culture, Columbus laid the groundwork for his ambitious plans to find a westward route to the East Indies, setting the stage for his historic voyages in later years.

Christopher Columbus began his maritime career as a teenager, participating in several trading voyages across the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. In his twenties, he settled in Lisbon, where he married Filipa Perestrelo and fathered a son, Diego. During this time, Columbus developed his expertise in sailing and navigation, gaining valuable experience that would later inform his transatlantic expeditions.

His adventurous spirit led him to attempt a daring voyage across the Atlantic, motivated by his desire to find a westward route to Asia, which he believed would provide quicker access to the lucrative spice markets of the East. Columbus's quest for a new maritime route faced significant challenges; his first major Atlantic expedition in was nearly fatal when his ship was attacked by French privateers.

Undeterred, Columbus continued to refine his navigational techniques and studied ocean currents that could facilitate his planned voyage. After years of lobbying, he finally gained the support of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain, who agreed to sponsor his journey. Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer known for his ambitious voyages, achieved remarkable successes in his quest for a new route to Asia.

His expedition marked a pivotal moment in history, as he became the first European to make contact with the Americas. His landfall in the Bahamas not only opened the door to further exploration but also signaled the start of European colonization in the New World. Columbus' voyages prompted significant exchanges of culture and goods, now referred to as the Columbian Exchange, fundamentally altering global trade and interaction.

However, Columbus faced numerous challenges during and after his expeditions. Despite his initial acclaim, his governance of the settlements he established was marred by poor leadership and harsh treatment of Indigenous peoples, resulting in conflict and resistance. Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 15 August Retrieved 26 October June Cuadernos de Medicina Forense in Spanish.

AP News. Archived from the original on 19 May Retrieved 21 May New York: G. Putnam's Sons. Evening Star. Archived from the original on 2 January Retrieved 15 August — via Newspapers. In Search of a Kingdom. Boston: Mariner Books. Christopher Columbus did not discover a new world, nor did he ever set foot on the North American continent.

Rather, he established continuous contact between two continents, each with major populations. But he became a national hero for the United States, and, as such, he has frequently been placed on the same level with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln by Americans who prefer mythology to facts. Early in our history, he became a unifying symbol to the struggling English colonies when Puritan preachers began to use his life as an exemplum of the developing American spirit.

On the eve of the American Revolution, poems, songs, sermons, and polemic essays in which Columbus was idealized as the discoverer of a new land for a new people flowed from New England. Such veneration culminated in a movement to name the nation "Columbia. Thinking back in spring to "the antiquities of New England," Cotton Mather came upon a crucial connection, as he saw it, between the voyage of Columbus two centuries before and the Puritans' Great Migration.

Srabanti majumdar biography of christopher columbus

Considered together, the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the landing at San Salvador held the key to a great design. To begin with, Columbus's voyage was one of three shaping events of the modern age, all of which occurred in rapid succession at the turn of the sixteenth century: 1 " the Resurrection of Literature ", University Press of New England.

The Legacy of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. The Nation. NYU Press. Richard; Gregory, Stanley V. In Benke, Arthur C. Rivers of North America. Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura. World Digital Library. Retrieved 17 July University of Illinois Press. In Provenzo, Eugene F.

World Archaeology. In King, John ed. The Wilson Quarterly. November — via Google Books. Cornell University Press. Italian Americana. History Today. The History Teacher. Alfred Crosby, a scholar with the mind of a scientist and the heart of a humanist. He writes that "the major initial effect of the Columbian voyages was the transformation of America into a charnel house.

In Jayasuriya, Shihan de S. The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean. Africa World Press. Testimonies from the Columbian Lawsuits. When we speak today of the "legacy" of Christopher Columbus, we usually refer to the broadly historic consequences of his famous voyages, meaning the subsequent European conquest and colonization of the Americas.

Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 7 August Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on 26 February Retrieved 22 March Vintage Books. When referring to the conquest, Venezuelans tend to side with the original "Indians" inhabiting the territory, even though "we" are generally careful to distinguish ourselves from them, and above all from their contemporary descendants.

This tactical identification suggests that the force of this rejoinder comes not just from the hold of the familiar—Columbus already discovered America, so what's new—but from the appeal of a more exclusive familiarity evoked by a shift of location — he only "discovered" it for Europe, not for "us". It is as if we viewed Columbus's arrival from two perspectives, his own, and that of the natives.

When we want to privilege "our" special viewpoint, we claim as ours the standpoint of the original Americans, the view not from the foreign ship but from our "native" land. An Introduction to Latin American Philosophy. American Literary History. Retrieved 8 February The encounter between two worlds is a fact that cannot be denied The word discovery gives prominence to the heroes of the enterprise; the word encounter gives more emphasis to the peoples who actually "encountered" each other and gave substance to a New World.

Whereas discovery marks a happening, an event, encounter conveys better the idea of the political journey that has brought us to the reality of today, spanning the five hundred years since These historical and political milestones are valuable because they relate the present to both the past and the future. It was inevitable that history written from a Eurocentric standpoint should speak in terms of discovery and it is equally inevitable that, as history has now come to be seen in universal terms, we should have adopted so evocative a term as encounter.

New York: Plume. Not So! New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 September Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and modern historians. New York: Praeger. European Images of the Americas and the Classical Tradition. Liverpool University Press. New York: W. Science, — Geodesy for the Layman Report 4th ed. United States Air Force. This cycle of violence, intentionally created to maximize the extraction of wealth from the islands, in combination with the epidemic diseases that were running rampant through the Taino population, together promoted the genocide of the Taino people Therefore, at best, the theory that disease did the business of killing and not the invaders can only be seen as a gratuitous colonizer apologetic designed to absolve the guilt of the continued occupation and exploitation of the indigenous people of this continent.

However, the truth of the matter is much worse and should be called by its appropriate name: American srabanti majumdar biography of christopher columbus denial. The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 August Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 September Social Justice. Retrieved 29 July The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus. NY: Penguin. Monthly Review Press.

Retrieved 1 May In McCrank, Lawrence J. Haworth Press. Atlantic Studies. Retrieved 29 March The New York Times. Retrieved 9 August The Ottawa Herald. Archived from the original on 24 May Retrieved 16 July LSU Press. PMC Harvard Gazette -US. Archived from the original on 23 December Retrieved 27 May Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.

New York: Alfred A. London, England: Windmill Books. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 June Quaternary Science Reviews. Bibcode : QSRv. Public Opinion Quarterly. Christopher Columbus, Mariner. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Smallpox and its eradication. History of International Public Health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved 29 April Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Retrieved 25 December The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Western Journal of Medicine. London, England: BMJ : 65— Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Wollongong, New South Wales: Elsevier : 13— While most of the other epidemics in history however were confined to a single pathogen and typically lasted for less than a decade, the Americas differed in that multiple pathogens caused multiple waves of virgin soil epidemics over more than a century.

Those who survived influenza, may later have succumbed to smallpox, while those who survived both, may then have caught a later wave of measles. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. The Journal of Navigation. Bibcode : JNav Archived from the original PDF on 5 July Retrieved 4 July Mexico City,book 1, chapter 2, Of Columbus, too, none of the familiarly reproduced portraits is thought to have been made in his lifetime.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. University of Texas Press. Renaissance Quarterly. Bergreen, Lawrence Columbus: The Four Voyages, — Caballos, Estaban Mira Iberoamericana in Spanish. Columbus, Christopher Major, Richard Henry ed. London: The Hakluyt Society. Columbus, Christopher; Toscanelli, Paolo []. Markham, Clements R. Columbus, Christopher [].

Columbus, Ferdinand A History of the Life and Actions of Adm. A Collection of voyages and travels. London : Printed by assignment from Messrs. Churchill for John Walthoe Crosby, A. Washington, D. Davidson, Miles H. Columbus then and now: a life reexamined. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Dyson, John Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory. Madison Press.

Fuson, Robert H. International Marine Horwitz, Tony Joseph, Edward Lanzar