Giuliano della rovere biography examples

The Pope lavished on him six bishoprics in France and three in Italy along with an abundance of wealthy abbeys and benefices. The Cardinal, who lacked any interest in spiritual pursuits, became an outstanding patron of the arts. He accompanied the French king on his expedition against Naples in the hope that Charles would also depose Alexander VI.

Alexander VI twice attempted to seize him. Following the death of the Borgia pope inGiuliano returned to Rome, having been 10 years in exile, and, after Pius III's brief pontificate, was, with the liberal help of simony, elected Pope Julius II in October Immediately after his election he decreed that all future simoniacal papal elections would be invalid and subject to penalty.

Julius II viewed as the main task of his pontificate the restoration of the Papal States, which had been reduced to ruin by the Borgias. Large portions of it had been appropriated by Venice after Alexander VI's death. As a first step as pope, Julius subjugated Perugia and Bologna in the autumn of Having become an exponent of Italian national consciousness, Julius II proposed to drive the French from Italy, but his second war, which lasted from September to Maywas unsuccessful.

Several cardinals defected to Louis XII and called a schismatic council, to which Julius responded by summoning the fifth Lateran Council. Louis XII had defeated the troops of the alliance at Ravenna in Aprilbut the situation changed when Swiss troops were sent to the Pope's aid. The territories in northern Italy occupied by the French revolted, the French left the country, and the Papal States were augmented by the acquisition of Parma and Piacenza.

Toward the end of his life, he viewed with concern the replacement of French by Spanish efforts to attain supremacy in Italy. Julius II was Italy's saviour. Peter's, however, were not accepted despite what he believed to be a promise, and he retired in anger to Florence. Peter's Basilica for the successful architect, Donato Bramante.

However, he also began the demolition of the old St. Peter's Basilica, which had stood for more than 1, years. He was a friend and patron of Bramante and Raphaeland a patron of Michelangelo. Several of Michelangelo's greatest works including the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel were commissioned by Julius. In the framework of Rome's urban renewal Renovatio Romaethe pope commissioned to Bramante the creation of two new straight streets respectively on the left and right bank of the Tiber: the Via Giulia and the Via della Lungara.

Long before he became Pope, Julius had a violent temper. He often treated subordinates and people who worked for him very badly. His manner was gruff and coarse, just as his peasant-like sense of humour. Others suggest that Julius had little sense of humor. Ludwig von Pastor wrote, "Paris de Grassis, his Master of Ceremonies, who has handed on to us so many characteristic features of his master's life, says that he hardly ever jested.

He was generally absorbed in deep and silent thought. To most historians Julius was manly and virile, an energetic man of action, whose courage saved the Papacy. To many Julius II has been described as the best in an era of exceptionally bad popes: Alexander VI was widely perceived as evil and despotic, exposing the future Julius II to a number of assassination attempts that required tremendous fortitude.

Julius II is usually depicted with a beard, after his appearance in the celebrated portrait by Raphaelthe artist whom he first met in However, the pope only wore his beard from 27 June to Marchas a sign of mourning at the loss of the city of Bologna by the Papal States. He was nevertheless the first pope since antiquity to grow facial hair, a practice otherwise forbidden by canon law since the 13th century.

The pope's hirsute chin may have raised severe, even vulgar criticism, as at one Bologna giuliano della rovere biography examples held in at which papal legate Marco Cornaro was present. In overturning the ban on beards Pope Julius challenged Gregorian conventional wisdom in dangerous times. Julius shaved his beard again before his death, and his immediate successors were clean-shaven; nonetheless Pope Clement VII sported a beard when mourning the sack of Rome.

The frescoes on the ceiling of Stanza d'Eliodoro in the stanze of Raphael depict the traumatic events in —11 when the Papacy regained its freedom. Although Raphael's original was lost, it was thought to relate closely to the personal iconography of Stanza della Segnatura, commissioned by Pope Julius himself. The Lateran Council that formed the Holy League marked a high point in his personal success.

Saved by an allegory to the Expulsion of Heliodorus, the French gone, Julius collapsed once again in latevery seriously ill once more. Julius was not the first pope to have fathered children before being elevated to high office, and had a daughter born to Lucrezia Normanni in — after he had been made a cardinal. The Venetians, who were implacably opposed to the pope's new military policy, were among the most vociferous opponents; notable among them was the diarist Girolamo Priuli.

Giuliano della rovere biography examples

However, it is likely that the closeness was down to the fact that he simply knew how to handle him well. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. Head of the Catholic Church from to Portrait of Pope Julius II— AlbisolaRepublic of Genoa.

Overview of the Italian politics of his reign [ edit ]. Early life [ edit ]. Cardinalate [ edit ]. War with Naples [ edit ]. Papal ambassador [ edit ]. Conclave of [ edit ]. Main article: papal conclave. Main article: Italian War of — Election [ edit ]. Main article: Papal conclave, October A Renaissance pope [ edit ]. League of Cambrai and Holy League [ edit ].

Lateran Council [ edit ]. Main article: Fifth Council of the Lateran. Death [ edit ]. Legacy [ edit ]. Patronage of the arts [ edit ]. Main article: Art patronage of Julius II. Character [ edit ]. Physical appearance [ edit ]. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding giuliano dellas rovere biography examples to reliable sources.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. October Learn how and when to remove this message. Personal relationships and sexuality [ edit ]. Depiction [ edit ]. See also [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. Even then, he could be dispensed. References [ edit ]. The Sistene Secrets. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN The term 'terrible' was first applied by Julius himself to Michaelangelo, and only later to the Pope by others: PastorVI, pp.

The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 26 May Retrieved 7 October Above all, the notion of Julius II for barbarian hostilty seems to have been a genuine inspiration Mutazioni e permanenze nella storia navale del Mediterraneo. Annali di Storia Militare Europea 2: Secc. Annali di Storia Militare Europea 2. History's Great Showdowns.

New Word City. Italia dilacerata: Girolamo Borgia nella Cultura storica del Rinascimento. BurchardI, p. Francisbut to have remained one of the secular clergy until his elevation in to be bishop of Carpentras [in France ], shortly after his uncle succeeded to the papal chair. Papal Genealogy. Absolute Monarchs: A History of the Papacy.

Random House. Eubelp. Robertson, eds. Dumesnilp. Filippo Nerio Tomba Serie cronologica de' Vescovi ed arcivescovi di Bologna in Italian second ed. Bologna: Longhi. Paris: Ernest Thorin. By Michelangelo. A sublime work of Biblical artit is considered to be one of the Greatest Paintings Ever. For a general guide to the evolution of painting, sculpture and other artforms, see: History of Art 2.

A formidable personality, Julius was determined to make the papacy the most important power in Italy and turn Rome into a centre of Renaissance art that would outshine the Tuscan capital Florence. He succeeded on both counts. For example, he commissioned the Sistine Chapel frescoes by Michelangelo the chapel itself was founded by his uncle Pope Sixtus IV ; the decoration of the papal apartments in the Vatican - the so-called Raphael Rooms - by Raphael ; and laid the foundation stone for a new St.

Peter's Basilicato be designed initially by Donato Bramante With the decline of the Florentine RenaissanceJulius ensured that Rome would become the location for all new developments in High Renaissance painting as well as advances in Renaissance architecture. He was also one of Rome's great art collectors and owned a collection of Greek sculpture that included the Laocoon c.

He placed these two works in the Belvedere Courtyard of the Vatican where artists and scholars were allowed to view them. Earl of March Roger Mortimer, 4. Suffolk Hugh de Stafford, 2. Nottingham John Mowbray, 2. Duke of Norfolk Thomas Fitzalan, 5. Salisbury Richard Beauchamp, E. Earl Rivers Anthony Woodville, 2. Duke Somerset Edmund Beaufort, 2. Duke Somerset Henry Beaufort, 3.

Duke of Somerset Edmund Beaufort, 4. Duke of Norfolk John Mowbray, 4.