Maryam malakpour biography of albert einstein

This equation is often used to describe the process of nuclear fission, where atoms split into smaller particles, releasing energy in the process. It is also used to explain how nuclear fusion occurs, when atoms combine to produce heavier elements, resulting in the release of large amounts of energy. In these events, enormous amounts of energy are released when two stars collide, which is explained by this equation.

In addition, the formation of black holes is also attributed to the mass-energy equivalence. As matter is pulled into a black hole, it is converted into intense gravitational energy. Albert Einstein is one of the most celebrated scientists of all time, and his work on the Brownian Motion is one of his lesser known but still impressive studies.

This study was a mathematical investigation into the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid. First, that the average speed of these particles stayed constant regardless of the maryam malakpour biography of albert einstein of the environment. Second, that the average displacement of the particles increased with increasing temperature.

From this, he concluded that the motion must be due to the bombardment of the particles by individual molecules, each exerting a tiny amount of force on the particle. Einstein used the mathematics of probability and statistics to develop a formula for the Brownian Motion which could then be used to accurately predict the motion of the particles.

This formula was made up of several equations which described the motion and accounted for different factors such as the size of the collision particles and the temperature of the environment. The Brownian Motion studies conducted by Einstein are still relevant today and have been used to great effect in physics research. They are also a key component of modern statistical mechanics, allowing us to accurately predict the behavior of large numbers of particles and even chemical reactions.

InEinstein proposed that at extremely cold temperatures, a gas of bosons particles with integer spin should have wave-like properties, like an ocean wave. Under the right conditions, all of the individual wave packets should condense into the same single wave packet, similar to a wave crashing on the shore. However, due to the lack of technology available at the time to reach such extreme temperatures, Einstein was never able to experimentally verify his theory.

It remained a theoretical concept untilwhen new laser cooling technologies allowed scientists to sufficiently cool down an ensemble of atoms to a few millionths of a degree above absolute zero. This allowed the condensation of the atoms into a single wave packet, producing the first observed Bose—Einstein Condensate. In fact, one of the most important applications of BECs currently lies in quantum computing — they can be used to develop powerful quantum processors that can simulate complex quantum systems beyond the reach of classical computers.

This theory was a grand attempt to unify the different elements of physics into one overall framework. Einstein believed that the universe is made up of four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. His Unified Field Theory sought to take those four forces and combine them into one unified field of energy.

He believed this unified field could explain everything from the smallest particles to the largest galaxies. Despite years of study and work, Einstein never completed or even came close to completing his Unified Field Theory. One of the first things Einstein did with his equations of general relativity, back inwas to apply them to the universe as a whole.

But the answer that came out looked wrong to him. It implied that the fabric of space itself was in a state of continuous expansion, pulling galaxies along with it so the distances between them were constantly growing. Common sense told Einstein that this couldn't be true, so he added something called the cosmological constant to his equations to produce a well-behaved, static universe.

But inEdwin Hubble's observations of other galaxies showed that the universe really is expanding, apparently in just the way that Einstein's original equations predicted. It looked like the end of the line for the cosmological constant, which Einstein later described as his biggest blunder. That wasn't the end of the story, however. Based on more refined measurements of the expansion of the universe, we now know that it's speeding up, rather than slowing down as it ought to in the absence of a cosmological constant.

So it maryam malakpour biographies of albert einstein as though Einstein's "blunder" wasn't such an error after all. The key ingredient is the physics of nuclear fissionwhich Einstein had no direct involvement with. Even so, he played a crucial role in the practical development of the first atomic bombs. Ina number of colleagues alerted him to the possibilities of nuclear fission and the horrors that would ensue if Nazi Germany acquired such weapons.

Eventually, according to the Atomic Heritage Foundationhe was persuaded to pass on these concerns in a letter to the president of the United States, Franklin D. The ultimate outcome of Einstein's letter was the establishment of the Manhattan Projectwhich created the atomic bombs used against Japan at the end of World War II. Although many famous physicists worked on the Manhattan Project, Einstein wasn't among them.

To Einstein, this was no great loss — his only concern had been to deny a monopoly on the technology to the Nazis. In Einstein told Newsweek magazine, "Had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb, I would have never have lifted a finger," according to Time magazine. Einstein died inbut his huge scientific legacy continues to make headlines even in the 21st century.

This happened in a spectacular way in Februarywith the announcement of the discovery of gravitational waves — yet another consequence of general relativity. In America, Einstein mostly devoted himself to working on a unified field theory, an all-embracing paradigm meant to unify the varied laws of physics. However, during World War II, he worked on Navy-based weapons systems and made big monetary donations to the military by auctioning off manuscripts worth millions.

Roosevelt to alert him of the possibility of a Nazi bomb and to galvanize the United States to create its own nuclear weapons. Einstein was also the recipient of much scrutiny and major distrust from FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. In Julythe U. Army Intelligence office denied Einstein a security clearance to participate in the project, meaning J.

Robert Oppenheimer and the scientists working in Los Alamos were forbidden from consulting with him. Einstein had no knowledge of the U. The world is not ready for it. Einstein became a major player in efforts to curtail usage of the A-bomb. The following year, he and Szilard founded the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, and invia an essay for The Atlantic MonthlyEinstein espoused working with the United Nations to maintain nuclear weapons as a deterrent to conflict.

After World War II, Einstein continued to work on his unified field theory and key aspects of his general theory of relativity, including time travel, wormholes, black holes, and the origins of the universe. However, he felt isolated in his endeavors since the majority of his colleagues had begun focusing their attention on quantum theory.

In the last decade of his life, Einstein, who had always seen himself as a loner, withdrew even further from any sort of spotlight, preferring to stay close to Princeton and immerse himself in processing ideas with colleagues. He corresponded with scholar and activist W. Einstein was very particular about his sleep schedule, claiming he needed 10 hours of sleep per day to function well.

His theory of relativity allegedly came to him in a dream about cows being electrocuted. He was also known to take regular naps. He is said to have held objects like a spoon or pencil in his hand while falling asleep. That way, he could wake up before hitting the second stage of sleep—a hypnagogic process believed to boost creativity and capture sleep-inspired ideas.

Although sleep was important to Einstein, socks were not. He was famous for refusing to wear them. According to a letter he wrote to future wife Elsa, he stopped wearing them because he was annoyed by his big toe pushing through the material and creating a hole. One of the most recognizable photos of the 20 th century shows Einstein sticking out his tongue while leaving his 72 nd birthday party on March 14, According to Discovery.

Tired from doing so all night, he refused and rebelliously stuck his tongue out at the crowd for a moment before turning away. UPI photographer Arthur Sasse captured the shot. Einstein was amused by the picture and ordered several prints to give to his friends. To do this, Einstein introduced his special theory of relativity, which held that the laws of physics are the same even for objects moving in different inertial frames i.

A fourth paper concerned the fundamental relationship between mass and energy, concepts viewed previously as completely separate. Einstein continued working at the patent office untilwhen he finally found a full-time academic post at the University of Zurich. Inhe arrived at the University of Berlin, where he was made director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics.

InEinstein published the general theory of relativity, which he considered his masterwork. This theory found that gravity, as well as motion, can affect time and space. Intwo expeditions sent to perform experiments during a solar eclipse found that light rays from distant stars were deflected or bent by the gravity of the sun in just the way Einstein had predicted.

Inhe won the Nobel Prize for his work on the photoelectric effect, as his work on relativity remained controversial at the time. Einstein soon began building on his theories to form a new science of cosmology, which held that the universe was dynamic instead of static, and was capable of expanding and contracting. A longtime pacifist and a Jew, Einstein became the target of hostility in Weimar Germany, where many citizens were suffering plummeting economic fortunes in the aftermath of defeat in the Great War.